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The right to exist is said to be an attribute of nations. According to an essay by the nineteenth century French philosopher Ernest Renan, a state has the right to exist when individuals are willing to sacrifice their own interests for the community it represents. Unlike self-determination, the right to exist is an attribute of states rather than of peoples. It is not a right recognized in international law. The phrase has featured prominently in the Arab–Israeli conflict since the 1950s. The right to exist of a ''de facto'' state may be balanced against another state's right to territorial integrity.〔Lagerwall, Anne. "(The Paradoxical Protection of State's Territorial Integrity by the United Nations: Law versus Power? )", Paper presented at the annual meeting of the The Law and Society Association, Hilton Bonaventure, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 27, 2008.〕 Proponents of the right to exist trace it back to the "right of existence," said to be a fundamental right of states recognized by writers on international law for hundreds of years.〔Oppenheim, Lassa and Ronald Roxburgh, (2005) ''(International Law )'', p. 192–193.〕 ==Historical use== Thomas Paine used the phrase "right to exist" to refer to forms of government, arguing that representative government has a right to exist, but that hereditary government does not.〔Paine, Thomas, "Dissertation on the First Principles of Government" (1795), ''The Life and Works of Thomas Paine,'' 5:221--25.〕 In 1823, Sir Walter Scott argued for the "right to exist in the Greek people".〔Scott, Walter, "(The Greek Revolution )", ''Edinburgh Annual Register of 1823'', p. 249.〕 (The Greeks were then revolting against Turkish rule.) According to Renan's "What is a Nation?" (1882), "So long as this moral consciousness (a nation ) gives proof of its strength by the sacrifices which demand the abdication of the individual to the advantage of the community, it is legitimate and has the right to exist. If doubts arise regarding its frontiers, consult the populations in the areas under dispute."〔Renan, Ernest, "(What is a Nation? )", 1882.〕 Existence is not a historical right, but "a daily plebiscite, just as an individual's existence is a perpetual affirmation of life," Renan said.〔 The phrase gained enormous usage in reference to the breakup of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. "If Turkey has a right to exist – and the Powers are very prompt to assert that she has – she possesses an equally good right to defend herself against all attempts to imperil her political existence," wrote Eliakim and Robert Littell in 1903.〔Littell, Eliakim and Robert S. Littell, "The Reign of Terror in Macedonia", ''The Living Age,'' April–June 1903, p. 68.〕 In many cases, a nation's right to exist is not questioned, and is therefore not asserted. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「right to exist」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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